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<section id="rcu-torture-test-operation">
<h1>RCU Torture Test Operation<a class="headerlink" href="#rcu-torture-test-operation" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h1>
<section id="config-rcu-torture-test">
<h2>CONFIG_RCU_TORTURE_TEST<a class="headerlink" href="#config-rcu-torture-test" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h2>
<p>The CONFIG_RCU_TORTURE_TEST config option is available for all RCU
implementations. It creates an rcutorture kernel module that can
be loaded to run a torture test. The test periodically outputs
status messages via <a class="reference internal" href="../core-api/printk-basics.html#c.printk" title="printk"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">printk()</span></code></a>, which can be examined via the dmesg
command (perhaps grepping for “torture”). The test is started
when the module is loaded, and stops when the module is unloaded.</p>
<p>Module parameters are prefixed by “rcutorture.” in
<a class="reference internal" href="../admin-guide/kernel-parameters.html"><span class="doc">The kernel’s command-line parameters</span></a>.</p>
</section>
<section id="output">
<h2>Output<a class="headerlink" href="#output" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h2>
<p>The statistics output is as follows:</p>
<div class="highlight-none notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>rcu-torture:--- Start of test: nreaders=16 nfakewriters=4 stat_interval=30 verbose=0 test_no_idle_hz=1 shuffle_interval=3 stutter=5 irqreader=1 fqs_duration=0 fqs_holdoff=0 fqs_stutter=3 test_boost=1/0 test_boost_interval=7 test_boost_duration=4
rcu-torture: rtc: (null) ver: 155441 tfle: 0 rta: 155441 rtaf: 8884 rtf: 155440 rtmbe: 0 rtbe: 0 rtbke: 0 rtbre: 0 rtbf: 0 rtb: 0 nt: 3055767
rcu-torture: Reader Pipe: 727860534 34213 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
rcu-torture: Reader Batch: 727877838 17003 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
rcu-torture: Free-Block Circulation: 155440 155440 155440 155440 155440 155440 155440 155440 155440 155440 0
rcu-torture:--- End of test: SUCCESS: nreaders=16 nfakewriters=4 stat_interval=30 verbose=0 test_no_idle_hz=1 shuffle_interval=3 stutter=5 irqreader=1 fqs_duration=0 fqs_holdoff=0 fqs_stutter=3 test_boost=1/0 test_boost_interval=7 test_boost_duration=4
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>The command “dmesg | grep torture:” will extract this information on
most systems. On more esoteric configurations, it may be necessary to
use other commands to access the output of the <a class="reference internal" href="../core-api/printk-basics.html#c.printk" title="printk"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">printk()</span></code></a>s used by
the RCU torture test. The <a class="reference internal" href="../core-api/printk-basics.html#c.printk" title="printk"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">printk()</span></code></a>s use KERN_ALERT, so they should
be evident. ;-)</p>
<p>The first and last lines show the rcutorture module parameters, and the
last line shows either “SUCCESS” or “FAILURE”, based on rcutorture’s
automatic determination as to whether RCU operated correctly.</p>
<p>The entries are as follows:</p>
<ul>
<li><p>“rtc”: The hexadecimal address of the structure currently visible
to readers.</p></li>
<li><p>“ver”: The number of times since boot that the RCU writer task
has changed the structure visible to readers.</p></li>
<li><p>“tfle”: If non-zero, indicates that the “torture freelist”
containing structures to be placed into the “rtc” area is empty.
This condition is important, since it can fool you into thinking
that RCU is working when it is not. :-/</p></li>
<li><p>“rta”: Number of structures allocated from the torture freelist.</p></li>
<li><p>“rtaf”: Number of allocations from the torture freelist that have
failed due to the list being empty. It is not unusual for this
to be non-zero, but it is bad for it to be a large fraction of
the value indicated by “rta”.</p></li>
<li><p>“rtf”: Number of frees into the torture freelist.</p></li>
<li><p>“rtmbe”: A non-zero value indicates that rcutorture believes that
<a class="reference internal" href="../core-api/kernel-api.html#c.rcu_assign_pointer" title="rcu_assign_pointer"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">rcu_assign_pointer()</span></code></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="../core-api/kernel-api.html#c.rcu_dereference" title="rcu_dereference"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">rcu_dereference()</span></code></a> are not working
correctly. This value should be zero.</p></li>
<li><p>“rtbe”: A non-zero value indicates that one of the <a class="reference internal" href="../core-api/kernel-api.html#c.rcu_barrier" title="rcu_barrier"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">rcu_barrier()</span></code></a>
family of functions is not working correctly.</p></li>
<li><p>“rtbke”: rcutorture was unable to create the real-time kthreads
used to force RCU priority inversion. This value should be zero.</p></li>
<li><p>“rtbre”: Although rcutorture successfully created the kthreads
used to force RCU priority inversion, it was unable to set them
to the real-time priority level of 1. This value should be zero.</p></li>
<li><p>“rtbf”: The number of times that RCU priority boosting failed
to resolve RCU priority inversion.</p></li>
<li><p>“rtb”: The number of times that rcutorture attempted to force
an RCU priority inversion condition. If you are testing RCU
priority boosting via the “test_boost” module parameter, this
value should be non-zero.</p></li>
<li><p>“nt”: The number of times rcutorture ran RCU read-side code from
within a timer handler. This value should be non-zero only
if you specified the “irqreader” module parameter.</p></li>
<li><p>“Reader Pipe”: Histogram of “ages” of structures seen by readers.
If any entries past the first two are non-zero, RCU is broken.
And rcutorture prints the error flag string “!!!” to make sure
you notice. The age of a newly allocated structure is zero,
it becomes one when removed from reader visibility, and is
incremented once per grace period subsequently -- and is freed
after passing through (RCU_TORTURE_PIPE_LEN-2) grace periods.</p>
<p>The output displayed above was taken from a correctly working
RCU. If you want to see what it looks like when broken, break
it yourself. ;-)</p>
</li>
<li><p>“Reader Batch”: Another histogram of “ages” of structures seen
by readers, but in terms of counter flips (or batches) rather
than in terms of grace periods. The legal number of non-zero
entries is again two. The reason for this separate view is that
it is sometimes easier to get the third entry to show up in the
“Reader Batch” list than in the “Reader Pipe” list.</p></li>
<li><p>“Free-Block Circulation”: Shows the number of torture structures
that have reached a given point in the pipeline. The first element
should closely correspond to the number of structures allocated,
the second to the number that have been removed from reader view,
and all but the last remaining to the corresponding number of
passes through a grace period. The last entry should be zero,
as it is only incremented if a torture structure’s counter
somehow gets incremented farther than it should.</p></li>
</ul>
<p>Different implementations of RCU can provide implementation-specific
additional information. For example, Tree SRCU provides the following
additional line:</p>
<div class="highlight-none notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>srcud-torture: Tree SRCU per-CPU(idx=0): 0(35,-21) 1(-4,24) 2(1,1) 3(-26,20) 4(28,-47) 5(-9,4) 6(-10,14) 7(-14,11) T(1,6)
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>This line shows the per-CPU counter state, in this case for Tree SRCU
using a dynamically allocated srcu_struct (hence “srcud-” rather than
“srcu-“). The numbers in parentheses are the values of the “old” and
“current” counters for the corresponding CPU. The “idx” value maps the
“old” and “current” values to the underlying array, and is useful for
debugging. The final “T” entry contains the totals of the counters.</p>
</section>
<section id="usage-on-specific-kernel-builds">
<h2>Usage on Specific Kernel Builds<a class="headerlink" href="#usage-on-specific-kernel-builds" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h2>
<p>It is sometimes desirable to torture RCU on a specific kernel build,
for example, when preparing to put that kernel build into production.
In that case, the kernel should be built with CONFIG_RCU_TORTURE_TEST=m
so that the test can be started using modprobe and terminated using rmmod.</p>
<p>For example, the following script may be used to torture RCU:</p>
<div class="highlight-none notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>#!/bin/sh
modprobe rcutorture
sleep 3600
rmmod rcutorture
dmesg | grep torture:
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>The output can be manually inspected for the error flag of “!!!”.
One could of course create a more elaborate script that automatically
checked for such errors. The “rmmod” command forces a “SUCCESS”,
“FAILURE”, or “RCU_HOTPLUG” indication to be <a class="reference internal" href="../core-api/printk-basics.html#c.printk" title="printk"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">printk()</span></code></a>ed. The first
two are self-explanatory, while the last indicates that while there
were no RCU failures, CPU-hotplug problems were detected.</p>
</section>
<section id="usage-on-mainline-kernels">
<h2>Usage on Mainline Kernels<a class="headerlink" href="#usage-on-mainline-kernels" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h2>
<p>When using rcutorture to test changes to RCU itself, it is often
necessary to build a number of kernels in order to test that change
across a broad range of combinations of the relevant Kconfig options
and of the relevant kernel boot parameters. In this situation, use
of modprobe and rmmod can be quite time-consuming and error-prone.</p>
<p>Therefore, the tools/testing/selftests/rcutorture/bin/kvm.sh
script is available for mainline testing for x86, arm64, and
powerpc. By default, it will run the series of tests specified by
tools/testing/selftests/rcutorture/configs/rcu/CFLIST, with each test
running for 30 minutes within a guest OS using a minimal userspace
supplied by an automatically generated initrd. After the tests are
complete, the resulting build products and console output are analyzed
for errors and the results of the runs are summarized.</p>
<p>On larger systems, rcutorture testing can be accelerated by passing the
--cpus argument to kvm.sh. For example, on a 64-CPU system, “--cpus 43”
would use up to 43 CPUs to run tests concurrently, which as of v5.4 would
complete all the scenarios in two batches, reducing the time to complete
from about eight hours to about one hour (not counting the time to build
the sixteen kernels). The “--dryrun sched” argument will not run tests,
but rather tell you how the tests would be scheduled into batches. This
can be useful when working out how many CPUs to specify in the --cpus
argument.</p>
<p>Not all changes require that all scenarios be run. For example, a change
to Tree SRCU might run only the SRCU-N and SRCU-P scenarios using the
--configs argument to kvm.sh as follows: “--configs ‘SRCU-N SRCU-P’”.
Large systems can run multiple copies of the full set of scenarios,
for example, a system with 448 hardware threads can run five instances
of the full set concurrently. To make this happen:</p>
<div class="highlight-none notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>kvm.sh --cpus 448 --configs '5*CFLIST'
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Alternatively, such a system can run 56 concurrent instances of a single
eight-CPU scenario:</p>
<div class="highlight-none notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>kvm.sh --cpus 448 --configs '56*TREE04'
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Or 28 concurrent instances of each of two eight-CPU scenarios:</p>
<div class="highlight-none notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>kvm.sh --cpus 448 --configs '28*TREE03 28*TREE04'
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Of course, each concurrent instance will use memory, which can be
limited using the --memory argument, which defaults to 512M. Small
values for memory may require disabling the callback-flooding tests
using the --bootargs parameter discussed below.</p>
<p>Sometimes additional debugging is useful, and in such cases the --kconfig
parameter to kvm.sh may be used, for example, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">--kconfig</span> <span class="pre">'CONFIG_RCU_EQS_DEBUG=y'</span></code>.
In addition, there are the --gdb, --kasan, and --kcsan parameters.
Note that --gdb limits you to one scenario per kvm.sh run and requires
that you have another window open from which to run <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">gdb</span></code> as instructed
by the script.</p>
<p>Kernel boot arguments can also be supplied, for example, to control
rcutorture’s module parameters. For example, to test a change to RCU’s
CPU stall-warning code, use “--bootargs ‘rcutorture.stall_cpu=30’”.
This will of course result in the scripting reporting a failure, namely
the resulting RCU CPU stall warning. As noted above, reducing memory may
require disabling rcutorture’s callback-flooding tests:</p>
<div class="highlight-none notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>kvm.sh --cpus 448 --configs '56*TREE04' --memory 128M \
--bootargs 'rcutorture.fwd_progress=0'
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Sometimes all that is needed is a full set of kernel builds. This is
what the --buildonly parameter does.</p>
<p>The --duration parameter can override the default run time of 30 minutes.
For example, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">--duration</span> <span class="pre">2d</span></code> would run for two days, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">--duration</span> <span class="pre">3h</span></code>
would run for three hours, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">--duration</span> <span class="pre">5m</span></code> would run for five minutes,
and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">--duration</span> <span class="pre">45s</span></code> would run for 45 seconds. This last can be useful
for tracking down rare boot-time failures.</p>
<p>Finally, the --trust-make parameter allows each kernel build to reuse what
it can from the previous kernel build. Please note that without the
--trust-make parameter, your tags files may be demolished.</p>
<p>There are additional more arcane arguments that are documented in the
source code of the kvm.sh script.</p>
<p>If a run contains failures, the number of buildtime and runtime failures
is listed at the end of the kvm.sh output, which you really should redirect
to a file. The build products and console output of each run is kept in
tools/testing/selftests/rcutorture/res in timestamped directories. A
given directory can be supplied to kvm-find-errors.sh in order to have
it cycle you through summaries of errors and full error logs. For example:</p>
<div class="highlight-none notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>tools/testing/selftests/rcutorture/bin/kvm-find-errors.sh \
tools/testing/selftests/rcutorture/res/2020.01.20-15.54.23
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>However, it is often more convenient to access the files directly.
Files pertaining to all scenarios in a run reside in the top-level
directory (2020.01.20-15.54.23 in the example above), while per-scenario
files reside in a subdirectory named after the scenario (for example,
“TREE04”). If a given scenario ran more than once (as in “--configs
‘56*TREE04’” above), the directories corresponding to the second and
subsequent runs of that scenario include a sequence number, for example,
“TREE04.2”, “TREE04.3”, and so on.</p>
<p>The most frequently used file in the top-level directory is testid.txt.
If the test ran in a git repository, then this file contains the commit
that was tested and any uncommitted changes in diff format.</p>
<p>The most frequently used files in each per-scenario-run directory are:</p>
<dl class="simple">
<dt>.config:</dt><dd><p>This file contains the Kconfig options.</p>
</dd>
<dt>Make.out:</dt><dd><p>This contains build output for a specific scenario.</p>
</dd>
<dt>console.log:</dt><dd><p>This contains the console output for a specific scenario.
This file may be examined once the kernel has booted, but
it might not exist if the build failed.</p>
</dd>
<dt>vmlinux:</dt><dd><p>This contains the kernel, which can be useful with tools like
objdump and gdb.</p>
</dd>
</dl>
<p>A number of additional files are available, but are less frequently used.
Many are intended for debugging of rcutorture itself or of its scripting.</p>
<p>As of v5.4, a successful run with the default set of scenarios produces
the following summary at the end of the run on a 12-CPU system:</p>
<div class="highlight-none notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>SRCU-N ------- 804233 GPs (148.932/s) [srcu: g10008272 f0x0 ]
SRCU-P ------- 202320 GPs (37.4667/s) [srcud: g1809476 f0x0 ]
SRCU-t ------- 1122086 GPs (207.794/s) [srcu: g0 f0x0 ]
SRCU-u ------- 1111285 GPs (205.794/s) [srcud: g1 f0x0 ]
TASKS01 ------- 19666 GPs (3.64185/s) [tasks: g0 f0x0 ]
TASKS02 ------- 20541 GPs (3.80389/s) [tasks: g0 f0x0 ]
TASKS03 ------- 19416 GPs (3.59556/s) [tasks: g0 f0x0 ]
TINY01 ------- 836134 GPs (154.84/s) [rcu: g0 f0x0 ] n_max_cbs: 34198
TINY02 ------- 850371 GPs (157.476/s) [rcu: g0 f0x0 ] n_max_cbs: 2631
TREE01 ------- 162625 GPs (30.1157/s) [rcu: g1124169 f0x0 ]
TREE02 ------- 333003 GPs (61.6672/s) [rcu: g2647753 f0x0 ] n_max_cbs: 35844
TREE03 ------- 306623 GPs (56.782/s) [rcu: g2975325 f0x0 ] n_max_cbs: 1496497
CPU count limited from 16 to 12
TREE04 ------- 246149 GPs (45.5831/s) [rcu: g1695737 f0x0 ] n_max_cbs: 434961
TREE05 ------- 314603 GPs (58.2598/s) [rcu: g2257741 f0x2 ] n_max_cbs: 193997
TREE07 ------- 167347 GPs (30.9902/s) [rcu: g1079021 f0x0 ] n_max_cbs: 478732
CPU count limited from 16 to 12
TREE09 ------- 752238 GPs (139.303/s) [rcu: g13075057 f0x0 ] n_max_cbs: 99011
</pre></div>
</div>
</section>
<section id="repeated-runs">
<h2>Repeated Runs<a class="headerlink" href="#repeated-runs" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h2>
<p>Suppose that you are chasing down a rare boot-time failure. Although you
could use kvm.sh, doing so will rebuild the kernel on each run. If you
need (say) 1,000 runs to have confidence that you have fixed the bug,
these pointless rebuilds can become extremely annoying.</p>
<p>This is why kvm-again.sh exists.</p>
<p>Suppose that a previous kvm.sh run left its output in this directory:</p>
<div class="highlight-none notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>tools/testing/selftests/rcutorture/res/2022.11.03-11.26.28
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Then this run can be re-run without rebuilding as follow:</p>
<div class="highlight-none notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>kvm-again.sh tools/testing/selftests/rcutorture/res/2022.11.03-11.26.28
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>A few of the original run’s kvm.sh parameters may be overridden, perhaps
most notably --duration and --bootargs. For example:</p>
<div class="highlight-none notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>kvm-again.sh tools/testing/selftests/rcutorture/res/2022.11.03-11.26.28 \
--duration 45s
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>would re-run the previous test, but for only 45 seconds, thus facilitating
tracking down the aforementioned rare boot-time failure.</p>
</section>
<section id="distributed-runs">
<h2>Distributed Runs<a class="headerlink" href="#distributed-runs" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h2>
<p>Although kvm.sh is quite useful, its testing is confined to a single
system. It is not all that hard to use your favorite framework to cause
(say) 5 instances of kvm.sh to run on your 5 systems, but this will very
likely unnecessarily rebuild kernels. In addition, manually distributing
the desired rcutorture scenarios across the available systems can be
painstaking and error-prone.</p>
<p>And this is why the kvm-remote.sh script exists.</p>
<p>If the following command works:</p>
<div class="highlight-none notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>ssh system0 date
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>and if it also works for system1, system2, system3, system4, and system5,
and all of these systems have 64 CPUs, you can type:</p>
<div class="highlight-none notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>kvm-remote.sh "system0 system1 system2 system3 system4 system5" \
--cpus 64 --duration 8h --configs "5*CFLIST"
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>This will build each default scenario’s kernel on the local system, then
spread each of five instances of each scenario over the systems listed,
running each scenario for eight hours. At the end of the runs, the
results will be gathered, recorded, and printed. Most of the parameters
that kvm.sh will accept can be passed to kvm-remote.sh, but the list of
systems must come first.</p>
<p>The kvm.sh <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">--dryrun</span> <span class="pre">scenarios</span></code> argument is useful for working out
how many scenarios may be run in one batch across a group of systems.</p>
<p>You can also re-run a previous remote run in a manner similar to kvm.sh:</p>
<div class="highlight-none notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>kvm-remote.sh "system0 system1 system2 system3 system4 system5" \
tools/testing/selftests/rcutorture/res/2022.11.03-11.26.28-remote \
--duration 24h
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>In this case, most of the kvm-again.sh parameters may be supplied following
the pathname of the old run-results directory.</p>
</section>
</section>
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